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Modern Painting Biography
Modern art includes artistic works produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the style and philosophy of the art produced during that era.[1] The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation.[2] Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often called Contemporary art or Postmodern art.
Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern art. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubist Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with "wild", multi-colored, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism. Henri Matisse's two versions of The Dance signified a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting.[3] It reflected Matisse's incipient fascination with primitive art: the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism.
Initially influenced by Toulouse Lautrec, Gauguin and other late 19th century innovators Pablo Picasso made his first cubist paintings based on Cézanne's idea that all depiction of nature can be reduced to three solids: cube, sphere and cone. With the painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), Picasso dramatically created a new and radical picture depicting a raw and primitive brothel scene with five prostitutes, violently painted women, reminiscent of African tribal masks and his own new Cubist inventions. Analytic cubism was jointly developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, exemplified by Violin and Candlestick, Paris, from about 1908 through 1912. Analytic cubism, the first clear manifestation of cubism, was followed by Synthetic cubism, practised by Braque, Picasso, Fernand Léger, Juan Gris, Albert Gleizes, Marcel Duchamp and several other artists into the 1920s. Synthetic cubism is characterized by the introduction of different textures, surfaces, collage elements, papier collé and a large variety of merged subject matter.[citation needed]
The notion of modern art is closely related to Modernism.[4]
Contents [hide]
1 History of modern art
1.1 Roots in the 19th century
1.2 Early 20th century
1.3 After World War II
2 Art movements and artist groups
2.1 Roots of modern art
2.2 19th century
2.3 Early 20th century (before World War I)
2.4 World War I to World War II
2.5 After World War II
3 Important modern art exhibitions and museums
3.1 Belgium
3.2 Brazil
3.3 Colombia
3.4 Croatia
3.5 Ecuador
3.6 Finland
3.7 France
3.8 Germany
3.9 India
3.10 Iran
3.11 Italy
3.12 Mexico
3.13 Netherlands
3.14 Qatar
3.15 Spain
3.16 Sweden
3.17 UK
3.18 U.S.A.
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
[edit]History of modern art
Édouard Manet, The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe), 1863, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
[edit]Roots in the 19th century
Vincent van Gogh, Courtesan (after Eisen) (1887), Van Gogh Museum
Vincent van Gogh, The Blooming Plumtree (after Hiroshige) (1887), Van Gogh Museum
Vincent van Gogh, Portrait of Père Tanguy (1887), Musée Rodin
Although modern sculpture and architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the 19th century, the beginnings of modern painting can be located earlier.[5] The date perhaps most commonly identified as marking the birth of modern art is 1863,[6] the year that Édouard Manet exhibited his painting Le déjeuner sur l'herbe in the Salon des Refusés in Paris. Earlier dates have also been proposed, among them 1855 (the year Gustave Courbet exhibited The Artist's Studio) and 1784 (the year Jacques-Louis David completed his painting The Oath of the Horatii).[6] In the words of art historian H. Harvard Arnason: "Each of these dates has significance for the development of modern art, but none categorically marks a completely new beginning .... A gradual metamorphosis took place in the course of a hundred years."[6]
The strands of thought that eventually led to modern art can be traced back to the Enlightenment, and even to the 17th century.[7] The important modern art critic Clement Greenberg, for instance, called Immanuel Kant "the first real Modernist" but also drew a distinction: "The Enlightenment criticized from the outside ... . Modernism criticizes from the inside."[8] The French Revolution of 1789 uprooted assumptions and institutions that had for centuries been accepted with little question and accustomed the public to vigorous political and social debate. This gave rise to what art historian Ernst Gombrich called a "self-consciousness that made people select the style of their building as one selects the pattern of a wallpaper."[9]
The pioneers of modern art were Romantics, Realists and Impressionists.[10] By the late 19th century, additional movements which were to be influential in modern art had begun to emerge: post-Impressionism as well as Symbolism.
Influences upon these movements were varied: from exposure to Eastern decorative arts, particularly Japanese printmaking, to the coloristic innovations of Turner and Delacroix, to a search for more realism in the depiction of common life, as found in the work of painters such as Jean-François Millet. The advocates of realism stood against the idealism of the tradition-bound academic art that enjoyed public and official favor.[11] The most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions or through large public exhibitions of their own work. There were official, government-sponsored painters' unions, while governments regularly held public exhibitions of new fine and decorative arts.
The Impressionists argued that people do not see objects but only the light which they reflect, and therefore painters should paint in natural light (en plein air) rather than in studios and should capture the effects of light in their work.[12] Impressionist artists formed a group, Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") which, despite internal tensions, mounted a series of independent exhibitions.[13] The style was adopted by artists in different nations, in preference to a "national" style. These factors established the view that it was a "movement". These traits—establishment of a working method integral to the art, establishment of a movement or visible active core of support, and international adoption—would be repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art.
[edit]Early 20th century
Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon 1907, Museum of Modern Art, New York
Henri Matisse, The Dance I, 1909, Museum of Modern Art, New York
Among the movements which flowered in the first decade of the 20th century were Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism, and Futurism.
During the years between 1910 and the end of World War I and after the heyday of cubism, several movements emerged in Paris. Giorgio de Chirico moved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea (the poet and painter known as Alberto Savinio). Through his brother he met Pierre Laprade, a member of the jury at the Salon d'Automne where he exhibited three of his dreamlike works: Enigma of the Oracle, Enigma of an Afternoon and Self-Portrait. During 1913 he exhibited his work at the Salon des Indépendants and Salon d’Automne, and his work was noticed by Pablo Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire, and several others. His compelling and mysterious paintings are considered instrumental to the early beginnings of Surrealism. Song of Love (1914) is one of the most famous works by de Chirico and is an early example of the surrealist style, though it was painted ten years before the movement was "founded" by André Breton in 1924.
World War I brought an end to this phase but indicated the beginning of a number of anti-art movements, such as Dada, including the work of Marcel Duchamp, and of Surrealism. Artist groups like de Stijl and Bauhaus developed new ideas about the interrelation of the arts, architecture, design, and art education.
Modern art was introduced to the United States with the Armory Show in 1913 and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during World War I.
[edit]After World War II
It was only after World War II, however, that the U.S. became the focal point of new artistic movements.[14] The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of Abstract Expressionism, Color field painting, Pop art, Op art, Hard-edge painting, Minimal art, Lyrical Abstraction, FLUXUS, Postminimalism, Photorealism and various other movements. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, Land art, Performance art, Conceptual art, and other new art forms had attracted the attention of curators and critics, at the expense of more traditional media.[15] Larger installations and performances became widespread.
By the end of the 1970s, when cultural critics began speaking of "the end of painting" (the title of a provocative essay written in 1981 by Douglas Crimp), new media art had become a category in itself, with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such as video art.[16] Painting assumed renewed importance in the 1980s and 1990s, as evidenced by the rise of neo-expressionism and the revival of figurative painting.[17]
Towards the end of the 20th century, a number of artists and architects started questioning the idea of "the modern" and created typically Postmodern works.[18]
[edit]Art movements and artist groups
(Roughly chronological with representative artists listed.)
[edit]Roots of modern art
[edit]19th century
Romanticism the Romantic movement - Francisco de Goya, J. M. W. Turner, Eugène Delacroix
Realism - Gustave Courbet, Camille Corot, Jean-François Millet
Impressionism - Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley
Post-impressionism - Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Rousseau
Symbolism - Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, James Ensor
Les Nabis - Pierre Bonnard, Edouard Vuillard, Félix Vallotton
pre-Modernist Sculptors - Aristide Maillol, Auguste Rodin
[edit]Early 20th century (before World War I)
Art Nouveau & variants - Jugendstil, Modern Style, Modernisme - Aubrey Beardsley, Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt,
Art Nouveau Architecture & Design - Antoni Gaudí, Otto Wagner, Wiener Werkstätte, Josef Hoffmann, Adolf Loos, Koloman Moser
Cubism - Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso
Fauvism - André Derain, Henri Matisse, Maurice de Vlaminck
Expressionism - Egon Schiele, Oskar Kokoschka, Edvard Munch, Emil Nolde
Futurism - Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà
Die Brücke - Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
Der Blaue Reiter - Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc
Orphism - Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, Jacques Villon
Photography - Pictorialism, Straight photography
Post-Impressionism - Emily Carr
Pre-Surrealism - Giorgio de Chirico, Marc Chagall
Russian avant-garde - Kasimir Malevich, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov
Sculpture - Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Constantin Brâncuşi
Synchromism - Stanton MacDonald-Wright, Morgan Russell
Vorticism - Wyndham Lewis
[edit]World War I to World War II
Dada - Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Francis Picabia, Kurt Schwitters
Synthetic Cubism - Georges Braque, Juan Gris, Fernand Léger, Pablo Picasso
Pittura Metafisica - Giorgio de Chirico, Carlo Carrà, Giorgio Morandi
De Stijl - Theo van Doesburg, Piet Mondrian
Expressionism - Egon Schiele, Amedeo Modigliani, Chaim Soutine
New Objectivity - Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, George Grosz
Figurative painting - Henri Matisse, Pierre Bonnard
American Modernism - Stuart Davis, Arthur G. Dove, Marsden Hartley, Georgia O'Keeffe
Constructivism - Naum Gabo, Gustav Klutsis, László Moholy-Nagy, El Lissitzky, Kasimir Malevich, Vadim Meller, Alexander Rodchenko, Vladimir Tatlin
Surrealism - Jean Arp, Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, René Magritte, André Masson, Joan Miró, Marc Chagall
Bauhaus - Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Josef Albers
Sculpture - Alexander Calder, Alberto Giacometti, Gaston Lachaise, Henry Moore, Pablo Picasso, Julio Gonzalez
Scottish Colourists - Francis Cadell, Samuel Peploe, Leslie Hunter, John Duncan Fergusson
Suprematism - Kazimir Malevich, Aleksandra Ekster, Olga Rozanova, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Ivan Kliun, Lyubov Popova, Nikolai Suetin, Nina Genke-Meller, Ivan Puni, Ksenia Boguslavskaya
Precisionism - Charles Sheeler, Charles Demuth
[edit]After World War II
Figuratifs - Bernard Buffet, Jean Carzou, Maurice Boitel, Daniel du Janerand, Claude-Max Lochu
Sculpture - Henry Moore, David Smith, Tony Smith, Alexander Calder, Isamu Noguchi,[19] Alberto Giacometti, Sir Anthony Caro, Jean Dubuffet, Isaac Witkin, René Iché, Marino Marini, Louise Nevelson
Abstract expressionism - Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Hans Hofmann, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Clyfford Still, Lee Krasner, Joan Mitchell
American Abstract Artists - Ilya Bolotowsky, Ibram Lassaw, Ad Reinhardt, Josef Albers, Burgoyne Diller
Art Brut - Adolf Wölfli, August Natterer, Ferdinand Cheval, Madge Gill, Paul Salvator Goldengreen
Arte Povera - Jannis Kounellis, Luciano Fabro, Mario Merz, Piero Manzoni, Alighiero Boetti
Color field painting - Barnett Newman, Mark Rothko, Adolph Gottlieb, Sam Francis, Morris Louis, Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Helen Frankenthaler
Tachisme - Jean Dubuffet, Pierre Soulages, Hans Hartung, Ludwig Merwart
COBRA - Pierre Alechinsky, Karel Appel, Asger Jorn
De-collage - Wolf Vostell, Mimmo Rotella
Neo-Dada - Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, John Chamberlain, Joseph Beuys, Lee Bontecou, Edward Kienholz
Fluxus - George Maciunas, Joseph Beuys, Wolf Vostell, Nam June Paik, Daniel Spoerri, Dieter Roth, Carolee Schneeman, Alison Knowles, Charlotte Moorman, Dick Higgins
Happening - Allan Kaprow, Joseph Beuys, Wolf Vostell, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Red Grooms, Nam June Paik, Charlotte Moorman, Robert Whitman, Yoko Ono
Dau-al-Set - founded in Barcelona by poet/artist Joan Brossa, - Antoni Tàpies
Grupo El Paso - founded in Madrid by artists Antonio Saura, Pablo Serrano
Geometric abstraction - Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Nadir Afonso, Manlio Rho, Mario Radice, Mino Argento
Hard-edge painting - John McLaughlin, Ellsworth Kelly, Frank Stella, Al Held, Ronald Davis
Kinetic art - George Rickey, Getulio Alviani
Land art - Christo, Richard Long, Robert Smithson, Michael Heizer
Les Automatistes - Claude Gauvreau, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Pierre Gauvreau, Fernand Leduc, Jean-Paul Mousseau, Marcelle Ferron
Minimal art - Sol LeWitt, Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, Richard Serra, Agnes Martin
Postminimalism - Eva Hesse, Bruce Nauman, Lynda Benglis
Lyrical abstraction - Ronnie Landfield, Sam Gilliam, Larry Zox, Dan Christensen, Natvar Bhavsar, Larry Poons
Neo-figurative art - Fernando Botero, Antonio Berni
Neo-expressionism - Georg Baselitz, Anselm Kiefer, Jörg Immendorff, Jean-Michel Basquiat
Transavanguardia - Francesco Clemente, Mimmo Paladino, Sandro Chia, Enzo Cucchi
Figuration libre - Hervé Di Rosa, François Boisrond, Robert Combas
New realism - Yves Klein, Pierre Restany, Arman
Op art - Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, Richard Anuszkiewicz
Outsider art - Howard Finster, Grandma Moses, Bob Justin
Photorealism - Audrey Flack, Chuck Close, Duane Hanson, Richard Estes, Malcolm Morley
Pop art - Richard Hamilton, Robert Indiana, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, Ed Ruscha, David Hockney
Postwar European figurative painting - Lucian Freud, Francis Bacon, Frank Auerbach, Gerhard Richter
New European Painting - Luc Tuymans, Marlene Dumas, Neo Rauch, Bracha Ettinger, Michaël Borremans, Chris Ofili
Shaped canvas - Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Ron Davis, Robert Mangold.
Soviet art - Alexander Deineka, Alexander Gerasimov, Ilya Kabakov, Komar & Melamid, Alexandr Zhdanov, Leonid Sokov
Spatialism - Lucio Fontana
Video Art - Nam June Paik, Wolf Vostell, Joseph Beuys, Bill Viola
Visionary art - Ernst Fuchs, Paul Laffoley, Michael Bowen
[edit]Important modern art exhibitions and museums
For a comprehensive list see Museums of modern art.
[edit]Belgium
SMAK, Ghent
[edit]Brazil
MASP, São Paulo, SP
MAM/SP, São Paulo, SP
MAM/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ
MAM/BA, Salvador, Bahia
[edit]Colombia
MAMBO, Bogotá
[edit]Croatia
Ivan Meštrović Gallery, Split
Modern Gallery, Zagreb
Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb
[edit]Ecuador
Museo Antropologico y de Arte Contemporaneo, Guayaquil
[edit]Finland
EMMA, Espoo
[edit]France
Lille Métropole Museum of Modern, Contemporary and Outsider Art, Villeneuve d'Ascq
Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Paris
Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris
Musée Picasso, Paris
Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Strasbourg
[edit]Germany
documenta, Kassel (Germany), a five-yearly exhibition of modern and contemporary art
Museum Ludwig, Cologne
Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich
[edit]India
National Gallery of Modern Art - New Delhi,
National Gallery of Modern Art - Mumbai,
National Gallery of Modern Art - Bangalore,
[edit]Iran
Museum of Contemporary Art, Tehran
[edit]Italy
Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
Venice Biennial, Venice
[edit]Mexico
Museo de Arte Moderno, México D.F.
[edit]Netherlands
Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam
[edit]Qatar
Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art, Doha
[edit]Spain
Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona, Barcelona
Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid
Institut Valencià d'Art Modern, Valencia
[edit]Sweden
Moderna Museet, Stockholm
[edit]UK
Tate Modern, London
[edit]U.S.A.
Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York
Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Guggenheim Museum, New York City, New York & Venice, Italy ; more recently in Berlin, Germany, Bilbao, Spain & Las Vegas, Nevada
High Museum, Atlanta, Georgia
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California
McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas
Menil Collection, Houston, Texas
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts
Museum of Modern Art, New York City, New York
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California
Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City, New York
Modern Painting Biography
Modern art includes artistic works produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the style and philosophy of the art produced during that era.[1] The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation.[2] Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often called Contemporary art or Postmodern art.
Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern art. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubist Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with "wild", multi-colored, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism. Henri Matisse's two versions of The Dance signified a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting.[3] It reflected Matisse's incipient fascination with primitive art: the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism.
Initially influenced by Toulouse Lautrec, Gauguin and other late 19th century innovators Pablo Picasso made his first cubist paintings based on Cézanne's idea that all depiction of nature can be reduced to three solids: cube, sphere and cone. With the painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), Picasso dramatically created a new and radical picture depicting a raw and primitive brothel scene with five prostitutes, violently painted women, reminiscent of African tribal masks and his own new Cubist inventions. Analytic cubism was jointly developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, exemplified by Violin and Candlestick, Paris, from about 1908 through 1912. Analytic cubism, the first clear manifestation of cubism, was followed by Synthetic cubism, practised by Braque, Picasso, Fernand Léger, Juan Gris, Albert Gleizes, Marcel Duchamp and several other artists into the 1920s. Synthetic cubism is characterized by the introduction of different textures, surfaces, collage elements, papier collé and a large variety of merged subject matter.[citation needed]
The notion of modern art is closely related to Modernism.[4]
Contents [hide]
1 History of modern art
1.1 Roots in the 19th century
1.2 Early 20th century
1.3 After World War II
2 Art movements and artist groups
2.1 Roots of modern art
2.2 19th century
2.3 Early 20th century (before World War I)
2.4 World War I to World War II
2.5 After World War II
3 Important modern art exhibitions and museums
3.1 Belgium
3.2 Brazil
3.3 Colombia
3.4 Croatia
3.5 Ecuador
3.6 Finland
3.7 France
3.8 Germany
3.9 India
3.10 Iran
3.11 Italy
3.12 Mexico
3.13 Netherlands
3.14 Qatar
3.15 Spain
3.16 Sweden
3.17 UK
3.18 U.S.A.
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
[edit]History of modern art
Édouard Manet, The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe), 1863, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
[edit]Roots in the 19th century
Vincent van Gogh, Courtesan (after Eisen) (1887), Van Gogh Museum
Vincent van Gogh, The Blooming Plumtree (after Hiroshige) (1887), Van Gogh Museum
Vincent van Gogh, Portrait of Père Tanguy (1887), Musée Rodin
Although modern sculpture and architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the 19th century, the beginnings of modern painting can be located earlier.[5] The date perhaps most commonly identified as marking the birth of modern art is 1863,[6] the year that Édouard Manet exhibited his painting Le déjeuner sur l'herbe in the Salon des Refusés in Paris. Earlier dates have also been proposed, among them 1855 (the year Gustave Courbet exhibited The Artist's Studio) and 1784 (the year Jacques-Louis David completed his painting The Oath of the Horatii).[6] In the words of art historian H. Harvard Arnason: "Each of these dates has significance for the development of modern art, but none categorically marks a completely new beginning .... A gradual metamorphosis took place in the course of a hundred years."[6]
The strands of thought that eventually led to modern art can be traced back to the Enlightenment, and even to the 17th century.[7] The important modern art critic Clement Greenberg, for instance, called Immanuel Kant "the first real Modernist" but also drew a distinction: "The Enlightenment criticized from the outside ... . Modernism criticizes from the inside."[8] The French Revolution of 1789 uprooted assumptions and institutions that had for centuries been accepted with little question and accustomed the public to vigorous political and social debate. This gave rise to what art historian Ernst Gombrich called a "self-consciousness that made people select the style of their building as one selects the pattern of a wallpaper."[9]
The pioneers of modern art were Romantics, Realists and Impressionists.[10] By the late 19th century, additional movements which were to be influential in modern art had begun to emerge: post-Impressionism as well as Symbolism.
Influences upon these movements were varied: from exposure to Eastern decorative arts, particularly Japanese printmaking, to the coloristic innovations of Turner and Delacroix, to a search for more realism in the depiction of common life, as found in the work of painters such as Jean-François Millet. The advocates of realism stood against the idealism of the tradition-bound academic art that enjoyed public and official favor.[11] The most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions or through large public exhibitions of their own work. There were official, government-sponsored painters' unions, while governments regularly held public exhibitions of new fine and decorative arts.
The Impressionists argued that people do not see objects but only the light which they reflect, and therefore painters should paint in natural light (en plein air) rather than in studios and should capture the effects of light in their work.[12] Impressionist artists formed a group, Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") which, despite internal tensions, mounted a series of independent exhibitions.[13] The style was adopted by artists in different nations, in preference to a "national" style. These factors established the view that it was a "movement". These traits—establishment of a working method integral to the art, establishment of a movement or visible active core of support, and international adoption—would be repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art.
[edit]Early 20th century
Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon 1907, Museum of Modern Art, New York
Henri Matisse, The Dance I, 1909, Museum of Modern Art, New York
Among the movements which flowered in the first decade of the 20th century were Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism, and Futurism.
During the years between 1910 and the end of World War I and after the heyday of cubism, several movements emerged in Paris. Giorgio de Chirico moved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea (the poet and painter known as Alberto Savinio). Through his brother he met Pierre Laprade, a member of the jury at the Salon d'Automne where he exhibited three of his dreamlike works: Enigma of the Oracle, Enigma of an Afternoon and Self-Portrait. During 1913 he exhibited his work at the Salon des Indépendants and Salon d’Automne, and his work was noticed by Pablo Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire, and several others. His compelling and mysterious paintings are considered instrumental to the early beginnings of Surrealism. Song of Love (1914) is one of the most famous works by de Chirico and is an early example of the surrealist style, though it was painted ten years before the movement was "founded" by André Breton in 1924.
World War I brought an end to this phase but indicated the beginning of a number of anti-art movements, such as Dada, including the work of Marcel Duchamp, and of Surrealism. Artist groups like de Stijl and Bauhaus developed new ideas about the interrelation of the arts, architecture, design, and art education.
Modern art was introduced to the United States with the Armory Show in 1913 and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during World War I.
[edit]After World War II
It was only after World War II, however, that the U.S. became the focal point of new artistic movements.[14] The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of Abstract Expressionism, Color field painting, Pop art, Op art, Hard-edge painting, Minimal art, Lyrical Abstraction, FLUXUS, Postminimalism, Photorealism and various other movements. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, Land art, Performance art, Conceptual art, and other new art forms had attracted the attention of curators and critics, at the expense of more traditional media.[15] Larger installations and performances became widespread.
By the end of the 1970s, when cultural critics began speaking of "the end of painting" (the title of a provocative essay written in 1981 by Douglas Crimp), new media art had become a category in itself, with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such as video art.[16] Painting assumed renewed importance in the 1980s and 1990s, as evidenced by the rise of neo-expressionism and the revival of figurative painting.[17]
Towards the end of the 20th century, a number of artists and architects started questioning the idea of "the modern" and created typically Postmodern works.[18]
[edit]Art movements and artist groups
(Roughly chronological with representative artists listed.)
[edit]Roots of modern art
[edit]19th century
Romanticism the Romantic movement - Francisco de Goya, J. M. W. Turner, Eugène Delacroix
Realism - Gustave Courbet, Camille Corot, Jean-François Millet
Impressionism - Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley
Post-impressionism - Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Rousseau
Symbolism - Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, James Ensor
Les Nabis - Pierre Bonnard, Edouard Vuillard, Félix Vallotton
pre-Modernist Sculptors - Aristide Maillol, Auguste Rodin
[edit]Early 20th century (before World War I)
Art Nouveau & variants - Jugendstil, Modern Style, Modernisme - Aubrey Beardsley, Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt,
Art Nouveau Architecture & Design - Antoni Gaudí, Otto Wagner, Wiener Werkstätte, Josef Hoffmann, Adolf Loos, Koloman Moser
Cubism - Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso
Fauvism - André Derain, Henri Matisse, Maurice de Vlaminck
Expressionism - Egon Schiele, Oskar Kokoschka, Edvard Munch, Emil Nolde
Futurism - Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà
Die Brücke - Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
Der Blaue Reiter - Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc
Orphism - Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, Jacques Villon
Photography - Pictorialism, Straight photography
Post-Impressionism - Emily Carr
Pre-Surrealism - Giorgio de Chirico, Marc Chagall
Russian avant-garde - Kasimir Malevich, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov
Sculpture - Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Constantin Brâncuşi
Synchromism - Stanton MacDonald-Wright, Morgan Russell
Vorticism - Wyndham Lewis
[edit]World War I to World War II
Dada - Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Francis Picabia, Kurt Schwitters
Synthetic Cubism - Georges Braque, Juan Gris, Fernand Léger, Pablo Picasso
Pittura Metafisica - Giorgio de Chirico, Carlo Carrà, Giorgio Morandi
De Stijl - Theo van Doesburg, Piet Mondrian
Expressionism - Egon Schiele, Amedeo Modigliani, Chaim Soutine
New Objectivity - Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, George Grosz
Figurative painting - Henri Matisse, Pierre Bonnard
American Modernism - Stuart Davis, Arthur G. Dove, Marsden Hartley, Georgia O'Keeffe
Constructivism - Naum Gabo, Gustav Klutsis, László Moholy-Nagy, El Lissitzky, Kasimir Malevich, Vadim Meller, Alexander Rodchenko, Vladimir Tatlin
Surrealism - Jean Arp, Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, René Magritte, André Masson, Joan Miró, Marc Chagall
Bauhaus - Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Josef Albers
Sculpture - Alexander Calder, Alberto Giacometti, Gaston Lachaise, Henry Moore, Pablo Picasso, Julio Gonzalez
Scottish Colourists - Francis Cadell, Samuel Peploe, Leslie Hunter, John Duncan Fergusson
Suprematism - Kazimir Malevich, Aleksandra Ekster, Olga Rozanova, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Ivan Kliun, Lyubov Popova, Nikolai Suetin, Nina Genke-Meller, Ivan Puni, Ksenia Boguslavskaya
Precisionism - Charles Sheeler, Charles Demuth
[edit]After World War II
Figuratifs - Bernard Buffet, Jean Carzou, Maurice Boitel, Daniel du Janerand, Claude-Max Lochu
Sculpture - Henry Moore, David Smith, Tony Smith, Alexander Calder, Isamu Noguchi,[19] Alberto Giacometti, Sir Anthony Caro, Jean Dubuffet, Isaac Witkin, René Iché, Marino Marini, Louise Nevelson
Abstract expressionism - Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Hans Hofmann, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Clyfford Still, Lee Krasner, Joan Mitchell
American Abstract Artists - Ilya Bolotowsky, Ibram Lassaw, Ad Reinhardt, Josef Albers, Burgoyne Diller
Art Brut - Adolf Wölfli, August Natterer, Ferdinand Cheval, Madge Gill, Paul Salvator Goldengreen
Arte Povera - Jannis Kounellis, Luciano Fabro, Mario Merz, Piero Manzoni, Alighiero Boetti
Color field painting - Barnett Newman, Mark Rothko, Adolph Gottlieb, Sam Francis, Morris Louis, Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Helen Frankenthaler
Tachisme - Jean Dubuffet, Pierre Soulages, Hans Hartung, Ludwig Merwart
COBRA - Pierre Alechinsky, Karel Appel, Asger Jorn
De-collage - Wolf Vostell, Mimmo Rotella
Neo-Dada - Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, John Chamberlain, Joseph Beuys, Lee Bontecou, Edward Kienholz
Fluxus - George Maciunas, Joseph Beuys, Wolf Vostell, Nam June Paik, Daniel Spoerri, Dieter Roth, Carolee Schneeman, Alison Knowles, Charlotte Moorman, Dick Higgins
Happening - Allan Kaprow, Joseph Beuys, Wolf Vostell, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Red Grooms, Nam June Paik, Charlotte Moorman, Robert Whitman, Yoko Ono
Dau-al-Set - founded in Barcelona by poet/artist Joan Brossa, - Antoni Tàpies
Grupo El Paso - founded in Madrid by artists Antonio Saura, Pablo Serrano
Geometric abstraction - Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Nadir Afonso, Manlio Rho, Mario Radice, Mino Argento
Hard-edge painting - John McLaughlin, Ellsworth Kelly, Frank Stella, Al Held, Ronald Davis
Kinetic art - George Rickey, Getulio Alviani
Land art - Christo, Richard Long, Robert Smithson, Michael Heizer
Les Automatistes - Claude Gauvreau, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Pierre Gauvreau, Fernand Leduc, Jean-Paul Mousseau, Marcelle Ferron
Minimal art - Sol LeWitt, Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, Richard Serra, Agnes Martin
Postminimalism - Eva Hesse, Bruce Nauman, Lynda Benglis
Lyrical abstraction - Ronnie Landfield, Sam Gilliam, Larry Zox, Dan Christensen, Natvar Bhavsar, Larry Poons
Neo-figurative art - Fernando Botero, Antonio Berni
Neo-expressionism - Georg Baselitz, Anselm Kiefer, Jörg Immendorff, Jean-Michel Basquiat
Transavanguardia - Francesco Clemente, Mimmo Paladino, Sandro Chia, Enzo Cucchi
Figuration libre - Hervé Di Rosa, François Boisrond, Robert Combas
New realism - Yves Klein, Pierre Restany, Arman
Op art - Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, Richard Anuszkiewicz
Outsider art - Howard Finster, Grandma Moses, Bob Justin
Photorealism - Audrey Flack, Chuck Close, Duane Hanson, Richard Estes, Malcolm Morley
Pop art - Richard Hamilton, Robert Indiana, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, Ed Ruscha, David Hockney
Postwar European figurative painting - Lucian Freud, Francis Bacon, Frank Auerbach, Gerhard Richter
New European Painting - Luc Tuymans, Marlene Dumas, Neo Rauch, Bracha Ettinger, Michaël Borremans, Chris Ofili
Shaped canvas - Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Ron Davis, Robert Mangold.
Soviet art - Alexander Deineka, Alexander Gerasimov, Ilya Kabakov, Komar & Melamid, Alexandr Zhdanov, Leonid Sokov
Spatialism - Lucio Fontana
Video Art - Nam June Paik, Wolf Vostell, Joseph Beuys, Bill Viola
Visionary art - Ernst Fuchs, Paul Laffoley, Michael Bowen
[edit]Important modern art exhibitions and museums
For a comprehensive list see Museums of modern art.
[edit]Belgium
SMAK, Ghent
[edit]Brazil
MASP, São Paulo, SP
MAM/SP, São Paulo, SP
MAM/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ
MAM/BA, Salvador, Bahia
[edit]Colombia
MAMBO, Bogotá
[edit]Croatia
Ivan Meštrović Gallery, Split
Modern Gallery, Zagreb
Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb
[edit]Ecuador
Museo Antropologico y de Arte Contemporaneo, Guayaquil
[edit]Finland
EMMA, Espoo
[edit]France
Lille Métropole Museum of Modern, Contemporary and Outsider Art, Villeneuve d'Ascq
Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Paris
Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris
Musée Picasso, Paris
Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Strasbourg
[edit]Germany
documenta, Kassel (Germany), a five-yearly exhibition of modern and contemporary art
Museum Ludwig, Cologne
Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich
[edit]India
National Gallery of Modern Art - New Delhi,
National Gallery of Modern Art - Mumbai,
National Gallery of Modern Art - Bangalore,
[edit]Iran
Museum of Contemporary Art, Tehran
[edit]Italy
Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
Venice Biennial, Venice
[edit]Mexico
Museo de Arte Moderno, México D.F.
[edit]Netherlands
Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam
[edit]Qatar
Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art, Doha
[edit]Spain
Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona, Barcelona
Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid
Institut Valencià d'Art Modern, Valencia
[edit]Sweden
Moderna Museet, Stockholm
[edit]UK
Tate Modern, London
[edit]U.S.A.
Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York
Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Guggenheim Museum, New York City, New York & Venice, Italy ; more recently in Berlin, Germany, Bilbao, Spain & Las Vegas, Nevada
High Museum, Atlanta, Georgia
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California
McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas
Menil Collection, Houston, Texas
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts
Museum of Modern Art, New York City, New York
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California
Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City, New York
Modern Painting
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Modern Art Painting - Mixed Media Acrylic Portrait Painting - Portrait Artist - Indian Bride
Modern Painting - Oriental Portrait Veiled woman - Portrait Artist
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